Unit 1 - Advanced Vectors
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I. Location and Distance on Earth
![Picture](/uploads/1/7/0/6/17067464/1334088.gif)
Objectives:
1. Explain the grid system used for locating places and features on Earth.
2. Use Earth's grid system to accurately locate a place or a feature.
3. Explain the relationship between latitude and the angle of the North Star (Polaris) above the horizon.
4. Explain the relationship between longitude and solar time.
1. Explain the grid system used for locating places and features on Earth.
2. Use Earth's grid system to accurately locate a place or a feature.
3. Explain the relationship between latitude and the angle of the North Star (Polaris) above the horizon.
4. Explain the relationship between longitude and solar time.
Vocabulary
Latitude - distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees.
Longitude - distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees.
Prime Meridian - 0 degrees longitude.
Latitude - distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees.
Longitude - distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees.
Prime Meridian - 0 degrees longitude.
II. Map Reading and Land Navigation
![Picture](/uploads/1/7/0/6/17067464/9082977.jpg)
Objectives:
1. Explain the different types of maps and their usage.
2. Explain the concept of map scale.
3. Explain how contour lines are drawn and be able to use contours to determine elevation, relief, and slope.
4. Accurately measure horizontal and vertical distance on a topographic map.
5. Identify the parts and explain the function of an orienteering compass.
6. Accurately orient a topographic map.
7. Use a map and compass to determine an azimuth.
8. Explain the difference between magnetic north, grid north, and true north.
9. Given a map and compass, accurately triangulate your position.
10. Use an orienteering map and compass to locate points within a woodland environment.
1. Explain the different types of maps and their usage.
2. Explain the concept of map scale.
3. Explain how contour lines are drawn and be able to use contours to determine elevation, relief, and slope.
4. Accurately measure horizontal and vertical distance on a topographic map.
5. Identify the parts and explain the function of an orienteering compass.
6. Accurately orient a topographic map.
7. Use a map and compass to determine an azimuth.
8. Explain the difference between magnetic north, grid north, and true north.
9. Given a map and compass, accurately triangulate your position.
10. Use an orienteering map and compass to locate points within a woodland environment.
Vocabulary
Map Scale - a fraction or ratio printed on a map that expresses the relationship between distance on the map and the true distance on Earth's surface.
Contour Lines - a line drawn on a topographic map that connects all points that have equal elevations above or below a datum or reference plane on Earth's surface.
Total relief is the difference between the highest and lowest points on a map.
Local relief refers to the difference in elevation between two specified points, for example, a hill and a nearby valley.
For more practice with contour lines, click HERE.
Map Scale - a fraction or ratio printed on a map that expresses the relationship between distance on the map and the true distance on Earth's surface.
Contour Lines - a line drawn on a topographic map that connects all points that have equal elevations above or below a datum or reference plane on Earth's surface.
- A contour line connects points of equal elevation.
- A contour line never branches or splits.
- Steep slopes are shown by closely spaced contours.
- Contour lines never cross.
- Hills are represented by a concentric series of closed contour lines.
Total relief is the difference between the highest and lowest points on a map.
Local relief refers to the difference in elevation between two specified points, for example, a hill and a nearby valley.
For more practice with contour lines, click HERE.
Terrain Features
Hill - a point or small area of high ground. When you are on a hilltop, the ground slopes down in all directions.
Ridge - a line of high ground with height variations along its crest. The ridge is not simply a line of hills; all points of the ridge crest are higher than the ground on both sides of the ridge.
Valley - reasonably level ground bordered on the sides by higher ground. A valley may or may not contain a stream course. A valley generally has maneuver room within its confines. Contour lines indicating a valley are U-shaped and tend to parallel a stream before crossing it. The course of the contour line crossing the stream always points upstream.
Saddle - a dip or low point along the crest of a ridge. A saddle is not necessarily the lower ground between two hilltops; it may be a break along an otherwise level ridge crest. When you are standing in a saddle, the land slopes up in two directions and down in two direction.
Depression - a low point or hole in the ground, surrounded on all sides by higher ground.
Draw - similar to a valley but smaller. Draws are often found along the sides of ridges and usually have water flowing in them (stream beds). Contour lines indicating a draw are shaped like a "V" with the point of the "V" toward the head of the draw (high ground). When you are standing in a draw, the land slopes down in three directions and up in one direction.
Spur (or Finger)—a usually short, continuously sloping line of higher ground, normally jutting out from the side of a ridge. A spur is often formed by two thoroughly parallel streams cutting draws down the side of a ridge. When you are standing on a spur, the land slopes down in three directions and up in one direction.
Cliff—a vertical or near-vertical slope. A cliff may be shown on a map by contour lines being close together, touching, or by a ticked "carrying" contour line. The ticks always point toward lower ground.
Ridge - a line of high ground with height variations along its crest. The ridge is not simply a line of hills; all points of the ridge crest are higher than the ground on both sides of the ridge.
Valley - reasonably level ground bordered on the sides by higher ground. A valley may or may not contain a stream course. A valley generally has maneuver room within its confines. Contour lines indicating a valley are U-shaped and tend to parallel a stream before crossing it. The course of the contour line crossing the stream always points upstream.
Saddle - a dip or low point along the crest of a ridge. A saddle is not necessarily the lower ground between two hilltops; it may be a break along an otherwise level ridge crest. When you are standing in a saddle, the land slopes up in two directions and down in two direction.
Depression - a low point or hole in the ground, surrounded on all sides by higher ground.
Draw - similar to a valley but smaller. Draws are often found along the sides of ridges and usually have water flowing in them (stream beds). Contour lines indicating a draw are shaped like a "V" with the point of the "V" toward the head of the draw (high ground). When you are standing in a draw, the land slopes down in three directions and up in one direction.
Spur (or Finger)—a usually short, continuously sloping line of higher ground, normally jutting out from the side of a ridge. A spur is often formed by two thoroughly parallel streams cutting draws down the side of a ridge. When you are standing on a spur, the land slopes down in three directions and up in one direction.
Cliff—a vertical or near-vertical slope. A cliff may be shown on a map by contour lines being close together, touching, or by a ticked "carrying" contour line. The ticks always point toward lower ground.